During the past generation，the American middle.class family that once could count on hard work and fair play to keep itself financially secure has been transformed by economic risk and new realities.Now a pink slip，a bad diagnosis，or a disappearing spouse can reduce a family from solidly middle class to newly poor in a few months.

In just one generation，millions of mothers have gone to work，transforming basic family economics.Scholars，policymakers，and critics of all stripes have debated the social implications Of these changes.but few have looked at the side effect：family risk has risen as well.Today’s families have budgeted to the limits of their new two.paycheck status.As a result，they have lost the parachute they once had in times of financial setback-a back.up earner(usually Morn)who could go the workforce if the primary earner got laid off or fell sick.This “added worker effect” could support the safety net offered by unemployment insurance or disability insurance to help families weather。bad times.But today，a disruption to family fortunes can no longer be made up with extra income from an otherwise-stay-at-home partner.

During the same period.families have been asked to absorb much more risk in their retirement income.Steelworkers，airline employees，and now those in the auto industry are joining millions of families who must worry about interest rates，stock market fluctuation，and the harsh reality that they may outlive their retirement money.For much of the past year，President Bush campaigned to move Social Security to a Savings account model，with retirees trading much or all of their guaranteed payments for payments depending on investment returns.For younger families，the picture is not any better.Both the absolute cost of healthcare and the share of it borne by families have risen and newly fashionable health-savings plans are spreading from legislative halls to Wal-Mart workers，with much higher deductibles and a large new dose of investment risk for families’ future healthcare.Even demographics are working against the middle class family，as the odds of having a weak elderly parent—and all the attendant need for physical and financial assistance have jumped eightfold in just one generation.

From the middle class family perspective，much of this，understandably, looks far less like an opportunity to exercise more financial responsibility, and a good deal more like a frightening acceleration of the wholesale shift of financial risk onto their already overburdened shoulders.The financial fallout has begun，and the political fallout may not be far behind.

31.Today’s double income families are at greater financial risk in that____.

A. the safety net they used to enjoy has disappeared.

B. their chances of being laid off have greatly increased.

C. they are more vulnerable to changes in family economics.

D. they are deprived of unemployment or disability insurance.

32.As a result of President Bush’s reform，retired people may have____.

A. a higher sense of security. B. less secured payments.

C. less chance to invest. D. a guaranteed future.

33.According to the author, health savings plans will____.

A. help reduce the cost of healthcare. B. popularize among the middle class.

C. compensate for the reduced pensions. D. increase the families’ investment risk.

34.It can be inferred from the last paragraph that____.

A. financial risks tend to outweigh political risks.

B. the middle class may face greater political challenges.

C. financial problems may bring about political problems.

D. financial responsibility is an indicator of political status.

35.Which of the following is the best title for this text?

A. The Middle Class on the Alert B. The Middle Class on the Cliff

C. The Middle Class in Conflict D. The Middle Class in Ruins

文章解析：根据中心统一原则确定，

文章首段主题句是During the past generation，the American middle.class family that once could count on hard work and fair play to keep itself financially secure has been transformed by economic risk and new realities.在上一代人中，曾经依靠勤奋工作、公平竞争保持家庭经济安全的美国中产阶级家庭由于经济风险和新的现实而发生了变化。

第二段确定段落内容方向的语句是In just one generation，millions of mothers have gone to work，transforming basic family economics.仅仅大约一代的时间，成百上千万的母亲出去工作，改变了基本的家庭经济模式。

第三段确定段落内容方向的语句是During the same period.families have been asked to absorb much more risk in their retirement income.同时，家庭在退休收入方面的风险也提高了。

第四段确定段落内容方向的语句是The financial fallout has begun，and the political fallout may not be far behind.经济的不良后果已经开始显现，政治影响可能也不远了。

不难发现，这篇文章围绕着中产阶级家庭的经济风险、退休金风险和医疗保障风险问题来展开。

题目解析：

31.细节题Today’s double income families are at greater financial risk in that_____.

选项A. the safety net they used to enjoy has disappeared.

他们过去所享受的安全网已经消失了。

B. their chances of being laid off have greatly increased.

他们下岗的机会大大提高了。

C. they are more vulnerable to changes in family economics.

他们更易受到家庭经济变化的影响。

D. they are deprived of unemployment or disability insurance.

他们被剥夺了失业险和残疾险。

该题利用定位词“double income families”和“financial risk”定位到文章第二段In just one generation，millions of mothers have gone to work，transforming basic family economics.Scholars，policymakers，and critics of all stripes have debated the social implications of these changes, but few have looked at the side effect：family risk has risen as well.Today’s families have budgeted to the limits of their new two.paycheck status.As a result，they have lost the parachute they once had in times of financial setback-a back.up earner(usually Morn)who could go the workforce if the primary earner got laid off or fell sick.This “added worker effect” could support the safety net offered by unemployment insurance or disability insurance to help families weather。bad times.But today，a disruption to family fortunes can no longer be made up with extra income from an otherwise-stay-at-home partner.段落第一句In just one generation，millions of mothers have gone to work，transforming basic family economics.“仅仅大约一代的时间，成百上千万的母亲出去工作，改变了基本的家庭经济模式。”说明双职工家庭的出现。随后，下面第二句Scholars，policymakers，and critics of all stripes have debated the social implications Of these changes, but few have looked at the side effect：family risk has risen as well.“各行各业的学者、政策制定者和批评家们就这些变化的社会意义展开了辩论，但是很少有人看到其副作用：家庭风险也提高了。”提到了“家庭风险”，但是该句子没有提到风险发生的原因。作为细节题，定位词所在句如果没有足够信息，继续向下找答案。下面As a result，they have lost the parachute they once had in times of financial setback----a back-up earner(usually Morn)who could go the workforce if the primary earner got laid off or fell sick.“现在的家庭预算达到了新的双薪家庭的极限。结果，他们就失去了在经济困顿时期的保护伞---作为后备力量的赚钱者(通常是妈妈)。如果家庭主要经济支柱事业了或者生病了，这个后备军可以进入劳动力市场。”选项A. the safety net they used to enjoy has disappeared.他们过去所享受的安全网已经消失了，与相关信息句动作“家庭预算达到新的双薪家庭的极限，失去了在经济困难时期的保护伞，妈妈作为后备力量的赚钱者在必要时可以进入劳动力市场”没有任何关联;选项B. their chances of being laid off have greatly increased.他们下岗的机会大大提高了，与相关信息句动作“家庭预算达到新的双薪家庭的极限，失去了在经济困难时期的保护伞，妈妈作为后备力量的赚钱者在必要时可以进入劳动力市场”没有任何关联;选项C. they are more vulnerable to changes in family economics.他们更易受到家庭经济变化的影响，与相关信息句动作“家庭预算达到新的双薪家庭的极限，失去了在经济困难时期的保护伞，妈妈作为后备力量的赚钱者在必要时可以进入劳动力市场”相关联，动作“更易受到家庭经济变化的影响”对应于“失去了在经济困难时期的保护伞”，体现“同意替换”的关系;选项D. they are deprived of unemployment or disability insurance.他们被剥夺了失业险和残疾险，与相关信息句动作“家庭预算达到新的双薪家庭的极限，失去了在经济困难时期的保护伞，妈妈作为后备力量的赚钱者在必要时可以进入劳动力市场”没有任何关联。 因此，正确答案为C. they are more vulnerable to changes in family economics.他们更易受到家庭经济变化的影响。

32.细节题As a result of President Bush’s reform，retired people may have_____.

选项A. a higher sense of security.更高的安全感。

B. less secured payments.更少的有保障的收入。

C. less chance to invest.更少的投资机会。

D. a guaranteed future.有保障的未来。

该题利用定位词“President Bush’s reform”和“retired people”定位到文章第三段……For much of the past year，President Bush campaigned to move Social Security to a Savings account model，with retirees trading much or all of their guaranteed payments for payments depending on investment returns……“在过去的大部分时间里，布什总统致力于将社会保障推广成储蓄账户模式，让退休人员将他们的大部分或者全部有保障的退休金变成依赖于回报率的投资回报。” 选项A. a higher sense of security.更高的安全感，与相关信息句动作“致力于将社会保障推广成储蓄账户模式，让退休人员将他们的大部分或者全部有保障的退休金变成依赖于回报率的投资回报” 相悖，将退休金转变成依赖于回报率的投资无疑是一种存在风险的福利形式;选项B. less secured payments.更少的有保障的收入，与相关信息句动作“致力于将社会保障推广成储蓄账户模式，让退休人员将他们的大部分或者全部有保障的退休金变成依赖于回报率的投资回报” 相符合，将退休金转变成依赖于回报率的投资无疑是一种存在风险的福利形式;选项C. less chance to invest.更少的投资机会，与相关信息句动作“致力于将社会保障推广成储蓄账户模式，让退休人员将他们的大部分或者全部有保障的退休金变成依赖于回报率的投资回报” 没有任何关联;选项D. a guaranteed future.有保障的未来，与相关信息句动作“致力于将社会保障推广成储蓄账户模式，让退休人员将他们的大部分或者全部有保障的退休金变成依赖于回报率的投资回报” 相悖，将退休金转变成依赖于回报率的投资无疑是一种没有保障的福利形式。因此，正确答案为B. less secured payments.更少的有保障的收入。

33.细节题According to the author, health savings plans will_____.

选项A. help reduce the cost of healthcare.有助于减少医疗卫生成本。

B. popularize among the middle class.在中产阶级中流行。

C. compensate for the reduced pensions.补偿减少了的退休金。

D. increase the families’ investment risk.增加了家庭投资的风险。

该题利用定位词“health savings plans”定位到文章第三段……Both the absolute cost of healthcare and the share of it borne by families have risen and newly fashionable health-savings plans are spreading from legislative halls to Wal-Mart workers，with much higher deductibles and a large new dose of investment risk for families’ future healthcare……“医疗的绝对支出和家庭需要承担的部分都在提高---新的时髦的健康储蓄计划从立法大厅流传到沃尔玛职员那里，减免的部分增加了，会出现一些新的大的家庭未来的医疗投资风险。” 选项A. help reduce the cost of healthcare.有助于减少医疗卫生成本，与相关信息句动作“医疗的绝对支出和家庭需要承担的部分都在提高，新的时髦的健康储蓄计划从立法大厅流传到沃尔玛职员那里，减免的部分增加了，会出现一些新的大的家庭未来的医疗投资风险”没有任何关联;选项B. popularize among the middle class.在中产阶级中流行，与相关信息句动作“医疗的绝对支出和家庭需要承担的部分都在提高，新的时髦的健康储蓄计划从立法大厅流传到沃尔玛职员那里，减免的部分增加了，会出现一些新的大的家庭未来的医疗投资风险”没有任何关联;选项C. compensate for the reduced pensions.补偿减少了的退休金，与相关信息句动作“医疗的绝对支出和家庭需要承担的部分都在提高，新的时髦的健康储蓄计划从立法大厅流传到沃尔玛职员那里，减免的部分增加了，会出现一些新的大的家庭未来的医疗投资风险”没有任何关联;选项D. increase the families’ investment risk.增加了家庭投资的风险，与相关信息句动作“医疗的绝对支出和家庭需要承担的部分都在提高，新的时髦的健康储蓄计划从立法大厅流传到沃尔玛职员那里，减免的部分增加了，会出现一些新的大的家庭未来的医疗投资风险”相关联，动作“增加了家庭投资的风险”对应于“出现一些新的大的家庭未来的医疗投资风险”体现“同意替换”的关系。因此，正确答案为D. increase the families’ investment risk.增加了家庭投资的风险。

34.推断题It can be inferred from the last paragraph that_____.

选项A. financial risks tend to outweigh political risks.

经济风险趋向于大于政治风险。

B. the middle class may face greater political challenges.

中产阶级可能面对更大的政治挑战。

C. financial problems may bring about political problems.

经济问题可能会导致政治问题。

D. financial responsibility is an indicator of political status.

经济责任反映政治地位。

该题目作为推断题，要明确找到指定的最后一段的主题句。根据“主题句---细节句原则”，文章尾段From the middle class family perspective，much of this，understandably, looks far less like an opportunity to exercise more financial responsibility, and a good deal more like a frightening acceleration of the wholesale shift of financial risk onto their already overburdened shoulders.The financial fallout has begun，and the political fallout may not be far behind.段落只有段首和段尾两个句子。段落首句From the middle class family perspective，much of this，understandably, looks far less like an opportunity to exercise more financial responsibility, and a good deal more like a frightening acceleration of the wholesale shift of financial risk onto their already overburdened shoulders.“从中产阶级家庭的角度来看，可以理解，前面提到的多数情况看起来并不像是一个承担更多经济责任的机会，而更像是一个将经济风险大规模转移到他们已经不堪重负的肩膀上的加速过程。”明确是细节。 因此，段落的主题句为段尾句The financial fallout has begun，and the political fallout may not be far behind.“经济的不良后果已经开始显现，政治影响可能也不远了。”选项A. financial risks tend to outweigh political risks.经济风险趋向于大于政治风险，与相关信息句动作“经济的不良后果已经开始显现，政治影响可能也不远了”相关联，但是相关信息句中没有将二者做比较;选项B. the middle class may face greater political challenges.中产阶级可能面对更大的政治挑战，与相关信息句动作“经济的不良后果已经开始显现，政治影响可能也不远了”没有任何关联;选项C. financial problems may bring about political problems. 经济问题可能会导致政治问题，与相关信息句动作“经济的不良后果已经开始显现，政治影响可能也不远了”相关联，动作“经济问题可能会导致政治问题”对应于“经济的不良后果已经开始显现，政治影响可能也不远了”，体现“同意替换”的关系;选项D. financial responsibility is an indicator of political status.经济责任反映政治地位，与相关信息句动作“经济的不良后果已经开始显现，政治影响可能也不远了”似乎有关联，但是相关信息句中叙述的是“政治和经济风险”而不是“政治和经济责任”。因此，正确答案为C. financial problems may bring about political problems. 经济问题可能会导致政治问题。

35.主旨题Which of the following is the best title for this text?

选项A. The Middle Class on the Alert 警惕着的中产阶级

B. The Middle Class on the Cliff 岌岌可危的中产阶级

C. The Middle Class in Conflict 冲突中的中产阶级

D. The Middle Class in Ruins 已经毁灭的中产阶级

作为主旨题要明确找到文章每个段落的主题句。第一段During the past generation，the American middle-class family …has been transformed by economic risk…“在上一代人中，曾经依靠勤奋工作、公平竞争保持家庭经济安全的美国中产阶级家庭由于经济风险和新的现实而发生了变化。”第二段In just one generation，millions of mothers have gone to work，transforming basic family economics.“仅仅大约一代的时间，成百上千万的母亲出去工作，改变了基本的家庭经济模式。”第三段During the same period.families have been asked to absorb much more risk in their retirement income.“同时，家庭在退休收入方面的风险也提高了。”第四段The financial fallout has begun，and the political fallout may not be far behind.“经济的不良后果已经开始显现，政治影响可能也不远了。”因此，正确答案为B. The Middle Class on the Cliff 岌岌可危的中产阶级。

全文翻译在上一代人中，曾经仰仗勤奋工作、公平竞争保持家庭经济安全的美国中产阶级家庭由于经济风险和新的现实而发生了变化。现在一纸解雇通知书、一份病中诊断或夫妻离异都可能让一个稳定的中产家庭在几个月内变成新的贫困户。

仅仅大约一代的时间，成百上千万的母亲出去工作，改变了基本的家庭经济模式。各行各业的学者、政策制定者和批评家们就这些变化的社会意义展开辩论，但是很少有人看到其副作用：家庭风险也提高了。现在的家庭预算达到了新的双薪家庭的极限。结果，他们就失去了在经济困顿时期具有的保护伞——作为后备力量的赚钱者(通常是妈妈)。如果家庭主要经济支柱失业了或者生病了，这个后备军可以进入劳动力市场。这个“附加的劳动力效果”会对由失业保险和伤残保险组成的安全网构成支持，帮助家庭渡过难关。但现在，家庭财富的中断不能再得到弥补，过去，这种弥补通过是由一个在正常情况下赋闲在家的伴侣出去工作获得的。

同时，家庭在退休收入方面的风险也提高了。钢铁工人、航空公司职员，现在还有汽车企业员工都在担心利率，股票市场的波动以及自己会在有生之年花光退休金的严酷现实，这样的家庭有成百上千万个。在过去的大部分时间里，布什总统致力于将社会保障推广成储蓄账户模式，让退休人员将他们的大部分或全部有保障的退休金变成依赖于回报率的投资回报。对于较年轻的家庭，情况没有好转。医疗的绝对支出和家庭需要承担的部分都在提高——新的时髦的健康储蓄计划从立法大厅流传到沃尔玛职员那里，减免的部分增加了，会出现一些新的大的家庭未来的医疗投资风险。甚至人口统计学的结果也对中产阶级家庭不利，因为如果有一个年老力衰的父母亲，随之而来的照料所需要的精力和财力在一代的时间内也增加了八倍。

从中产阶级家庭的角度来看，可以理解，前面提到的多数情况看起来不像是一个承担更多经济责任的机会，而更像是一个将经济风险大规模转移到他们已经不堪重负的肩膀上的加速过程。经济的不良后果已经开始显现，政治影响可能也不远了。

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Directions：

Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A，B，C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1.(10 points)

By 1830 the former Spanish and Portuguese colonies had become independent nations. The roughly 20 million 1 of these nations looked 2 to the future. Born in the crisis of the old regime and Iberian Colonialism, many of the leaders of independence 3 the ideas of representative government, careers 4 to talent, freedom of commerce and trade, the 5 to private property, and a belief in the individual as the basis of society. 6 there was a belief that the new nations should be sovereign and independent states, large enough to be economically viable and integrated by a 7 set of 1aws.

On the issue of 8 of religion and the position of the Church, 9 there was less agreement 10 the leadership. Roman Catholicism had been the state religion and the only one 11 by the Spanish crown. 12 most leaders sought to maintain Catholicism 13 the official religion of the new states, some sought to end the 14 of other faiths. The defense of the Church became a rallying 15 for the conservative forces.

The ideals of the early leaders of independence were often egalitarian, valuing equality of everything. Bolivar had received aid from Haiti and had 16 in return to abolish slavery in the areas he liberated. By 1854 slavery had been abolished everywhere except Spain’s 17 colonies. Early promises to end Indian tribute and taxes on people of mixed origin came much 18 because the new nations still needed the revenue such policies 19 .Egalitarian sentiments were often tempered by fears that the mass of the population was 20 self-rule and democracy.

1.[A]natives [B]inhabitants[C]peoples [D]individuals

2.[A]confusedly[B]cheerfully [C]worriedly[D]hopefully

3.[A]shared[B]forgot[C]attained[D]rejected

4.[A]related[B]close[C]open[D]devoted

5.[A]access[B]succession[C]right[D]return

6.[A]Presumably[B]Incidentally[C]Obviously [D]Generally

7.[A]unique[B]common[C]particular[D]typical

8.[A]freedom[B]origin[C]impact[D]reform

9.[A]therefore[B]however[C]indeed[D]moreover

10.[A]with[B]about [C]among[D]by

11.[A]allowed[B]preached[C]granted[D]funded

12.[A]Since[B]If[C]Unless[D]While

13.[A]as[B]for[C]under[D]against

14.[A]spread[B]interference[C]exclusion[D]influence

15.[A]support[B]cry[C]plea[D]wish

16.[A]urged[B]intended[C]expected[D]promised

17.[A]controlling[B]former[C]remaining[D]original

18.[A]slower[B]faster[C]easier[D]tougher

19.[A]created[B]produced[C]contributed[D]preferred

20.[ A] puzzled by[B]hostile to [C]pessimistic about[D]unprepared for

文章中心：完型填空的命题理论规定，文章的中心思想一般体现在文章首段的首句;有时首段首句其他段落的首句共同表达文章中心思想。因此，在选择具体题目答案前，把握文章中心对于理解文章语句，把握逻辑关系，确定语意衔接提供了足够的信息依据。

文章首段主题句叙述到By 1830 the former Spanish and Portuguese colonies had become independent nations. 到1830，前西班牙和葡萄牙殖民地解放，宣告成为独立国家。

本文的中心思想为 前西班牙和葡萄牙殖民地解放以及面对的问题。

题目解析：

By 1830 the former Spanish and Portuguese colonies had become independent nations. The roughly 20 million 1 of these nations looked 2 to the future.

1.[A]natives [B]inhabitants [C]peoples [D]individuals

2.[A]confusedly[B]cheerfully [C]worriedly [D]hopefully

1. 语意辨析题 本题目选择名词，在句子中充当主语。句子叙述到The roughly 20 million

of these nations looked to the future. “这些国家大概有2000万…对未来…。”

选项A. natives 本地人;

B. inhabitant居民;

C. peoples 民族;

D. individuals个体。

不难发现，选项A. natives 本地人，“这些国家大概有2000万本地人…”，符合句子含义;选项B. inhabitant居民，“这些国家大概有2000万居民…”，符合句子含义;选项C. peoples 民族，“这些国家大概有2000万个民族”，显然有悖于常理，不符合句子含义;选项D. individuals个体，“这些国家大概有2000万个体…”，不符合句子含义，个体一般用于区分于集体时使用。选项A和B都可以在句子中做主语，确定该题目为语意辨析题。前面相邻语句(或文章中心思想)叙述到“By 1830 the former Spanish and Portuguese colonies had become independent nations. 到1830，前西班牙和葡萄牙殖民地解放，宣告成为独立国家。”本句解释了这些居住在摆脱殖民地地位而独立的国家的人们对于未来的态度。因此，正确答案为B。

2. 语意辨析题 本题目选择副词，在句子中做状语。句子叙述到The roughly 20 million inhabitants of these nations looked to the future. “这些国家大概有2000万居民对未来…。” 选项A. confusedly困惑地;

B. cheerfully 高兴的;

C. worried 担心的;

D. hopefully 充满期待地。

不难发现，选项A. confusedly困惑地，“这些国家大概有2000万居民对未来感到困惑”，符合句子含义;选项B. cheerfully 高兴的，“这些国家大概有2000万居民对未来感到高兴”，符合句子含义;选项C. worried 担心的，“这些国家大概有2000万居民对未来感到担心”，符合句子含义;选项D. hopefully 充满期待地，“这些国家大概有2000万居民对未来充满期待”，符合句子含义。四个选项似乎在单个句子中都合理通顺，确定该题目为语意辨析题。前面相邻语句(或文章中心思想)叙述到“By 1830 the former Spanish and Portuguese colonies had become independent nations. 到1830，前西班牙和葡萄牙殖民地解放，宣告成为独立国家。”本句解释了这些居住在摆脱殖民地地位而独立的国家的人们对于未来的态度。既然独立，当让是充满希望的。因此正确答案D。

Born in the crisis of the old regime and Iberian Colonialism, many of the leaders of independence 3 the ideas of representative government, careers 4 to talent, freedom of commerce and trade, the 5 to private property, and a belief in the individual as the basis of society.

3.[A]shared [B]forgot [C]attained [D]rejected

4.[A]related [B]close [C]open [D]devoted

5.[A]access [B]succession [C]right [D]return

3. 词汇辨析题 本句子选择动词，在句子中充当谓语动词。句子叙述到many of the leaders of independence the ideas of representative government “许多独立国家的领导人都…议会政府。”

选项A. shared 共有;

B. forgot 忘记;

C. attained 获得;

D. rejected 拒绝.。

不难发现，文章中心思想叙述到“By 1830 the former Spanish and Portuguese colonies had become independent nations. 到1830，前西班牙和葡萄牙殖民地解放，宣告成为独立国家。”既然是独立的国家，那么新的国家领导人们应该推崇一种公平的政治举措。对于，当时比较先进而且民主的“议会制度”当然应该是全力支持的。选项A. shared 共有，“许多独立国家的领导人都认同议会政府”，符合句子含义;选项B. forgot 忘记，“许多独立国家的领导人都忘记了议会政府”，不符合句子含义;选项C. attained 获得，“许多独立国家的领导人都获得了议会政府”，不符合句子含义，“attain 获得”一般是通过长期努力而获得什么物品，实现什么目标，不能表达为“获得议会政府”;选项D. rejected 拒绝，“许多独立国家的领导人都拒绝了议会政府”，不符合文章中心“国家独立”。因此，正确答案为A，许多独立国家领导人都认同议会政府。

4. 词汇辨析题 本题目选择形容词，在句子中体现前、后名词之间的关系。句子叙述many of the leaders of independence shared the ideas of representative government, careers ____to talent, freedom of commerce and trade,… “许多独立国家领导人都认同议会政府，职业…于人才，商业和贸易自由…。”显然，短语“careers ____to talent”、短语“freedom of commerce and trade”等都是与“认同议会政府”相并列的独立国家领导人们新政的民主政策。应该充分体现独立和民主。

选项A. related 相关的;

B. close 接近的;

C. open 开着的;

D. devoted 投入的.

不难发现，选项A. related 相关的，“职业相关于人才”，不符合句子含义;选项B. close 接近的，“职业接近于人才”，不符合句子含义;选项C. open 开着的，“职业对于人才开放”，符合文章中心同时也符合句子含义;选项D. devoted 投入的，“职业投入于人才”，这种表达错误，应该是“人才投入与工作”才是正确的语句表达。职业对人才开放才符合文章“独立”这一中心。因此，正确答案为C。

5. 词汇辨析题 本题目选择名词，在句子中体现句子内容的连贯性。句子叙述到many of the leaders of independence shared the ideas of representative government, careers open to talent, freedom of commerce and trade, the___ to private property, and a belief in the individual as the basis of society. “许多独立国家的领导人都认同议会政府，认为职业应该向人才开放，认可商业贸易自由，认可私有财产的…，认为个人是社会的基础。

选项A. access to 接近;

B. succession to 继承;

C. right to …的权利;

D. return to 返回。

不难发现，从前面的“议会制政府”，“向人才开放的职业”，“商业和贸易自由”可以看出这里提到的是推动国家进步和发展，充分调动人们积极性的另一个理念“人们对私有财产的所有权”，故此处选择right。因此，正确答案为C。

6 there was a belief that the new nations should be sovereign and independent states, large enough to be economically viable and integrated by a 7 set of 1aws.

6.[A]Presumably[B]Incidentally[C]Obviously [D]Generally

7.[A]unique [B]common [C]particular [D]typical

6. 逻辑关系题 本题目选择副词，体现前、后两个句子之间的逻辑关系。句子叙述到 there was a belief that the new nations should be sovereign and independent states, “有一种…的信念，新独立的国家应该是自治并且独立的国家。” 选择逻辑关系词，相关联的两个句子提供信息决定答案。

选项A. Presumably 大概的;

B. Incidentally 偶然的;

C. Obviously 显然的;

D. Generally 普遍的。

不难发现，前面的句子叙述到“many of the leaders of independence shared the ideas of representative government, careers open to talent, freedom of commerce and trade, the right to private property, and a belief in the individual as the basis of society. “许多独立国家的领导人都认同议会政府，认为职业应该向人才开放，认可商业贸易自由，认可私有财产的…，认为个人是社会的基础。” 该句与后面的句子没有任何内容相反或转折的信号词，可以判断两个句子是顺接关系，后面承接上一句内容而来，继续介绍新的独立国家领导人都认同的理念。因此，正确答案为D。

7. 词汇辨析题 本题目选择形容词，在句子中充当定语。句子叙述到Generally there was a belief that the new nations should be sovereign and independent states, large enough to be economically viable and integrated by a set of 1aws. “有一种普遍接受的信念，新独立的国家应该是自治并且独立的国家, 要足够大并且能够在经济上运行良好，通过一套…的法律将各个新独立的国家联合”。

选项A. unique唯一的;

B. common普通的;

C. particular 特殊的;

D. typical 典型的。

不难发现，想要“联合各个国家”只有通过共同接受的法律才能够实现。选项A. unique唯一的，体现与众不同，标新立异与 “联合国家”没有关联;选项B. common普通的，共同的，“通过共同接受的法律将各个新独立的国家联合”，符合句子含义;选项C. particular 特殊的，体现自身特点“异于常规”，不符合句子含义;选项D. typical典型的，指具有既定特点的，不符合句子含义。因此，正确答案为B。

On the issue of 8 of religion and the position of the Church, 9 there was less agreement 10 the leadership.

8.[A]freedom [B]origin [C]impact [D]reform

9.[A]therefore [B]however [C]indeed [D]moreover

10.[A]with [B]about [C]among [D]by

8.语意辨析题 本题目选择名词，在句子中做宾语。句子叙述到On the issue of of religion and the position of the Church…。“关于宗教的…和教会地位的问题…。”

选项A. freedom自由;

B. origin 起源;

C. impact 影响;

D. reform 改革。

不难发现，选项A. freedom of religion“宗教信仰自由”，符合短语表达;选项B. origin of religion “宗教的起源”，符合短语表达;选项C. impact of religion “宗教的影响”，符合短语表达;选项D. reform of religion “宗教改革”，符合短语表达。显然，四个选项在句子中似乎都合理，确定该题目为语意辨析题。由于前文叙述内容未涉及宗教，所以信息在后文。.(完成下面题目发现，罗马天主教是西班牙国教，是西班牙王室唯一认可的宗教。多数领导人致力于保留天主教为新国家的官方宗教;而另一些领导人致力于终结排斥其他宗教的状况。)显然，关于宗教信仰的自由问题产生分歧。因此，正确答案为A。

9. 逻辑关系题 本题目选择逻辑关系词，体现前后句子之间的逻辑关系。句子叙述到On the issue of freedom of religion and the position of the Church, there was less agreement … 。“关于宗教信仰自由和教会地位的问题，各国领导人之间存在分歧。”

选项A. therefore 因此;

B. however 然而;

C. indeed的确;

D. moreover而且。

不难发现，第一段最后叙述到Generally there was a belief that the new nations should be sovereign and independent states, large enough to be economically viable and integrated by a set of 1aws. “有一种普遍接受的信念，新独立的国家应该是自治并且独立的国家, 要足够大并且能够在经济上运行良好，通过一套共同的法律将各个新独立的国家联合”，介绍了新成立的独立国家领导人之间在治国理念方面的共识。而随后的语句提到的是他们之间存在的分歧，显然两部分之间为转折关系。因此，正确答案为B。

10. 词汇辨析题 本题目选择介词，体现句子内容的范围。句子叙述到On the issue of freedom of religion and the position of the Church, however there was less agreement ___the leadership.“关于宗教信仰自由和教会地位的问题，各国领导人在主导地位...方面存在分歧。”选项A. with和…;

B. about 有关;

C. among 在…之中;

D. by通过。

不难发现，本句表明各国领导人之间在宗教问题方面不那么有默契了，among表示“在……之间”，这里among the leadership表范围。其他几个介词与后面内容搭配作状语时，都不表示范围。因此，正确答案为C。

Roman Catholicism had been the state religion and the only one 11 by the Spanish crown.

11.[A]allowed [B]preached [C]granted [D]funded

11.词汇辨析题 本题目选择过去分词，修饰前面相邻的名词。句子叙述到Roman Catholicism had been the state religion and the only one by the Spanish crown. “罗马天主教过去是西班牙的国教，是西班牙王室唯一…的宗教。” 该过去分词短语修饰前面的“Roman Catholicism 罗马天主教”，体现出“Roman crown 罗马皇室”对于“罗马天主教”的态度。

选项A. allowed准许;

B. preached 宣扬;

C. granted 承认;

D. funded资助。

不难发现，句中的only可判断，西班牙王室只承认罗马天主教。选项A. allowed准许，表示许可，对于严肃的宗教地位不适用;选项B. preached 宣扬，对于宗教地位应该不仅仅是宣扬这么肤浅，皇室要通过政治权利规定宗教的信仰及其地位，该词不合理;选项C. granted 承认(授权)，符合句子含义;选项D. funded资助，表示通过资金来支持，不符合宗教地位的要求。因此，正确答案为C。

12 most leaders sought to maintain Catholicism 13 the official religion of the new states, some sought to end the 14 of other faiths.

12.[A]Since [B]If [C]Unless [D]While

13.[A]as [B]for [C]under [D]against

14.[A]spread [B]interference[C]exclusion [D]influence

12. 逻辑关系题 本题目选择连词，体现句子之间的逻辑关系。句子叙述到 __ most leaders sought to maintain Catholicism …, some sought to end the…. “大多数领导人致力于保留天主教，…一些人致力于结束…。”选择逻辑关系词，相关联的两个句子提供信息决定答案。

选项A. since因为;

B. if 如果;

C. unless 除非;

D. while 而。

不难发现，关于宗教信仰问题，领导人分成两个派别，即，“大多数致力于保留天主教”和“一些人致力于结束它的统治地位”。显然，二者观点相异。因此，正确答案为D。

13.词汇辨析题 本题目选择介词，将后面的名词和前面句子的逻辑关系。句子叙述到while most leaders sought to maintain Catholicism ___ the official religion of the new states, “大多数领导人致力于保留天主教…新的官方宗教。”

选项A. as 作为;

B. for 为了;

C. under 在...之下;

D. against 反对。

显然这里as the official religion of the new states是方式状语，与maintain搭配使用，符合语意关系。因此，正确答案为A。

14.词汇辨析题 本题目选择名词，在句子中做宾语。句子叙述到some sought to end the of other faiths. “一些领导人致力于结束对于其他宗教信仰的…。”

选项A. spread 传播;

B. interference干涉;

C. exclusion 排除;

D. promised 承诺。

不难发现，关于宗教信仰问题，领导人分成两个派别，即，“大多数致力于保留天主教”和“一些人致力于结束排挤其他宗教的行为”。显然，二者观点相异。两拨人的观点截然不同，exclusion用在此处符合语境，表示“结束对于其他宗教的排挤”。这里使用spread，interference和influence与前面内容均不构成转折关系。因此，正确答案为C。

The defense of the Church became a rallying 15 for the conservative forces.

15.[A]support[B]cry[C]plea[D]wish

15.固定搭配题 选择名词，构成rallying…的固定搭配。在句子中充当宾语。句子叙述到The defense of the Church became a rallying 15 for the conservative forces. “保卫教会成为保守势力的战斗…。”选项A. support 支持;B. cry 哭喊;C. plea 恳请;D. wish 希望。本句与前一句内容有隐含的因果关系，这是由于一些领导人主张允许信仰其他宗教，因此保卫教会成为保守势力的战斗口号。这里rallying cry为固定搭配。因此，正确答案为B。

The ideals of the early leaders of independence were often egalitarian, valuing equality of everything. Bolivar had received aid from Haiti and had 16 in return to abolish slavery in the areas he liberated.

16.[A]urged [B]intended [C]expected [D]promised

16.固定搭配题 本题目选择动词，与to 构成搭配，在句子中充当谓语动词。句子叙述到Bolivar had received aid from Haiti and had in return to abolish slavery in the areas he liberated. “玻利瓦尔得到海地的援助，作为回报，他…在自己解放的地区废除奴隶制度。”

选项A. urged 敦促;

B. intended 打算;

C. expected 期望;

D. promised 答应。

不难发现，从句中的in return可以看出，海地对玻利瓦尔的帮助并非无条件的，其条件就是后者承诺废除奴隶制度。选项A. urged 敦促，表示主动且积极，不符合句子含义;选项B. intended 打算，表示主动且积极，不符合句子含义;选项C. expected 期望，表示主观能动性，不符合句子含义;选项D. promised 答应，这里promise to do sth.意为“答应做某事”，答应是口头的并非付诸于行动的，在此有“阳奉阴违”的意味。因此，正确答案为D。

By 1854 slavery had been abolished everywhere except Spain’s 17 colonies.

17.[A]controlling [B]former [C]remaining [D]original

17.词汇辨析题 本题目选择形容词，修饰名词colonies。句子叙述到By 1854 slavery had been abolished everywhere except Spain’s ___colonies. “到了1854年，除了西班牙…的殖民地外，其他的地区都已经废除奴隶制。”

选项A. controlling正在统治的;

B. former原来的;

C. remaining遗留的;

D. original 原始的。

不难发现，选项A. controlling正在统治的，“到了1854年，除了西班牙正在统治的殖民地外，其他的地区都已经废除奴隶制”，与前文的阳奉阴违的答应废除奴隶制没有逻辑上的一致性，不符合句子含义;选项B. former原来的，“到了1854年，除了西班牙原来的殖民地外，其他的地区都已经废除奴隶制”，“原来的”体现出虽然独立但是民主的政策却丝毫没有效用，显然不符合句子含义;选项C. remaining遗留的，“到了1854年，除了西班牙遗留的殖民地外，其他的地区都已经废除奴隶制”，即体现了独立的举措，又表现出阳奉阴违的不彻底的废除奴隶制的行为;选项D. original 原始的，“到了1854年，除了西班牙原始的殖民地外，其他的地区都已经废除奴隶制”，显然这样的表达没有任何“独立”的迹象，不符合句子含义。因此应选C，指西班牙的残存的殖民地国家。

Early promises to end Indian tribute and taxes on people of mixed origin came much 18 because the new nations still needed the revenue such policies 19 .

18.[A]slower[B]faster[C]easier[D]tougher

19.[A]created[B]produced[C]contributed[D]preferred

18.语义辨析题 本题目选择副词的比较级形式，在句子中表示状态。句子叙述到Early promises to end Indian tribute and taxes on people of mixed origin came much ___ because… “停止印地安人上贡和对混血人种征税的早期承诺实现得颇为…。”

选项A. slower较慢;

B. faster较快;

C. easier较容易;

D. tougher较难。

显然，四个选项在句子中似乎都是合理的，确定该题目为语意辨析题。上文提到玻利瓦尔承诺废除奴隶制，到1854年除了西班牙剩余的殖民地外，其他地区都已废除奴隶制，因此，根据上下文可知，此处是说这个承诺实现得缓慢，不像废除奴隶制那样快，因此，正确答案为A。

19.词汇辨析题 本题目选择动词，在定语从句中充当谓语动词。句子叙述到the new nations still needed the revenue such policies _ . “新的国家仍然需要这些政策所…的税收收入。”选项A. created 创建;

B. produced 产生，生产;

C. contributed 有助于;

D. preferred 更喜欢。

不难发现，本题所在部分意为“新国家仍然需要这些政策所带来的税收收入”，这些税收收入是这些policies带来的，这里使用produce意思相近。选项A. created 创造，创建，不能与“revenue 收入”构成合理的主谓关系;选项C. contributed 有助于，一般要构成“contribute to”的短语才能够接宾语，在此不符合句子含义;选项D. preferred 更喜欢，一般要构成“prefer to”的短语。句子中没有提供比较的参照，所以不涉及“更喜欢”，不符合句子含义。因此，正确答案为B。

Egalitarian sentiments were often tempered by fears that the mass of the population was 20 self-rule and democracy.

20.[A] puzzled by [B]hostile to [C]pessimistic about [D]unprepared for

20. 词汇辨析题 本题目选择过去分词短语，在句子中构成被动语态，充当谓语。句子叙述到Egalitarian sentiments were often tempered by fears that the mass of the population was __ self-rule and democracy. “平等的情绪通常被缓解，这是由于担心大众…自治和民主。”

选项A. puzzled by 困惑;

B. hostile to 敌对;

C. pessimistic to 悲观;

D. unprepared to 未准备好。

本段前文一直在提人人平等，最后一句指出一种担心情绪：大众未对自治和民主做好准备。由于新的独立国家的人们刚刚摆脱了殖民统治，因此人们还没有充分了解和熟悉自治和民主，这里使用unprepared for符合语境。因此，正确答案为D。

全文翻译到了1830年，原来的西班牙和葡萄牙殖民地变成了独立的国家。这些国家的大约2千万居民对未来充满期待。许多独立国家的领导人在旧政权和伊比利亚殖民注意岌岌可危时出生，他们都认同议会制政府，向人才开放职业，商业贸易自由，私有财产所有权，认为个人是社会的基础。他们普遍认为新国家应该是独立的主权国家，足够大，能够在经济上切实可行，由一套共同法律让各个新的独立国家联合起来。

但是，在宗教自由和教会地位这个问题上，各国领导人之间存在着分歧。罗马天主教过去是西班牙国教，是唯一得到西班牙王室承认的宗教。多数领导人致力于保留天主教为新国家的官方宗教，而一些领导人致力于终结不能有其他宗教信仰的状况。保卫教会成为保守势力的战斗口号。

独立国家早期领导者们的理想通常是平等主义，重视一切平等。玻利瓦尔得到海地的援助，作为回报，他承诺在自己解放的地区废除奴隶制。到了1854年，除了西班牙前殖民地外，奴隶制在其他地区都已被废除。对结素印地安人的上贡问题和对混血人种的税收问题的早期承诺较晚才实现，这是因为新独立的国家仍然需要这些政策所带来的税收收入。平等的情绪通常由于担心大众没有准备好自治和民主而有所缓解。

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Section II Reading Comprehension

Part A

Directions：

Read the following four texts.Answer the questions below each text by choosing A,B,C or D.Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.(40 points)

Text 1

If you were to examine the birth certificates of every soccer player in 2006’s World Cup tournament.you would most likely fend a noteworthy quirk：elite soccer players are more likely to have been born in the earlier months of the year than in the later months.If you then examined the European national youth teams that feed the World Cup and professional ranks，you would find this strange phenomenon to be even more pronounced.

What might account for this strange phenomenon? Here are a few guesses：a)certain astrological signs confer superior soccer skills;b)winter-born babies tend to have higher oxygen capacity, which increases soccer stamina;c) soccer-mad parents are more likely to conceive children in springtime，at the annual peak of soccer mania;d)none of the above.

Anders Ericsson，a 58-year-old psychology professor at Florida State University, says he believes strongly in “none of the above.”Ericsson grew up in Sweden，and studied nuclear engineering until he realized he would have more opportunity to conduct his own research if he switched to psychology.His first experiment，nearly 30 years ago，involved memory：training a person to hear and then repeat a random series of numbers.“With the first subject，after about 20 hours of training，his digit span had risen from 7 to 20，” Ericsson recalls.“He kept improving，and after about 200 hours of training he had risen to over 80 numbers.”

This success，coupled with later research showing that memory itself is not genetically determined，led Ericsson to conclude that the act of memorizing is more of a cognitive exercise than an intuitive one.In other words，whatever inborn differences two people may exhibit in their abilities to memorize，those differences are swamped by how well each person “encodes” the information.And the best way to learn how to encode information meaningfully, Ericsson determined，was a process known as deliberate practice.Deliberate practice entails more than simply repeating a task.Rather, it involves sexing specific goals，obtaining immediate feedback and concentrating as much on technique as on outcome.

Ericsson and his colleagues have thus taken to studying expert performers in a wide range of pursuits，including soccer.They gather all the data they can，not just performance statistics and biographical details but also the results of their own laboratory experiments、^rim high achievers.Their work makes a rather startling assertion：the trait we commonly call talent is highly overrated.Or，put another way, expert performers—whether in memory or surgery, ballet or computer programming—are nearly always made，not born.

21.The birthday phenomenon found among soccer players is mentioned to____.

A. stress the importance of professional training.

B. spotlight the soccer superstars in the World Cup.

C. introduce the topic of what makes expert performance.

D. explain why some soccer teams play better than others.

22.The word “mania”(Line 4：Paragraph 2) most probably means____.

A. fun B. craze C. hysteria D. excitement

23.According to Ericsson，good memory____.

A. depends on meaningful processing of information.

B. results from intuitive rather than cognitive exercises.

C. is determined by genetic rather than psychological factors.

D. requires immediate feedback and a high degree of concentration.

24.Ericsson and his colleagues believe that____.

A. talent is a dominating factor for professional success.

B. biographical data provide the key to excellent performance.

C. the role of talent tends to be overlooked.

D. high achievers owe their Success mostly to nurture.

25.Which of the following proverbs is closest to the message the text tries to convey?

A. “Faith will move mountains.” B. “One reaps what one sows.”

C. “Practice makes perfect.” D. “Like father，like son.”

文章解析：根据中心统一原则确定，

文章首段主题句是If you were to examine the birth certificates of every soccer player, you would most likely find a noteworthy quirk：elite soccer players are more likely to have been born in the earlier months of the year than in the later months.如果你查一下参加2006年世界杯足球锦标赛的每位运动员的出生证明，就极可能发现一个值得注意的奇怪现象：出色的运动员一般出生在一年内的前几个月而不是后几个月。

第二段确定段落内容方向的语句是What might account for this strange phenomenon?　如何解释这一奇怪现象呢?

第三段确定段落内容方向的语句是Anders Ericsson，a 58-year-old psychology professor at Florida State University, says he believes strongly in “none of the above”. Anders Ericsson是佛罗里达州立大学的心理学教授，他坚信前三种推测不成立。

第四段确定段落内容方向的语句是This success，coupled with later research showing that memory itself is not genetically determined，led Ericsson to conclude that the act of memorizing is more of a cognitive exercise than an intuitive one.后来进行的实验表明了记忆力本身不是由基因决定的，这些结果与第一次实验的成功一起让Ericsson 得出结论，记忆行为与其说是一种直觉行为不如说是一种认知行为。

第五段确定段落内容方向的语句是Or，put another way, expert performers—whether in memory or surgery, ballet or computer programming—are nearly always made，not born.换一种方式来说，那些专家级的从业者，无论是记忆力超群者，还是专家级外科医生，无论是卓越的芭蕾舞演员，还是出色的计算机程序员，他们几乎都是后天练就的，而非天生。

不难发现，这篇文章围绕着专家是如何培养出来的来展开。

题目解析：

21.结构题The birthday phenomenon found among soccer players is mentioned to_____.

选项A. stress the importance of professional training.

强调职业培训的重要性。

B. spotlight the soccer superstars in the World Cup.

突出世界杯中的超级巨星。

C. introduce the topic of what makes expert performance.

引出如何造就专家表现的主题。

D. explain why some soccer teams play better than others.

解释为什么一些球队比另外一些球队踢得好。

该题作为结构题将例子“The birthday phenomenon found among soccer players”定位到文章第一段If you were to examine the birth certificates of every soccer player in 2006’s World Cup tournament, you would most likely find a noteworthy quirk：elite soccer players are more likely to have been born in the earlier months of the year than in the later months.If you then examined the European national youth teams that feed the World Cup and professional ranks，you would find this strange phenomenon to be even more pronounced.根据结构题方位论原则，找例子对应的论点句。整个第一段都是例子。例子后面相邻的段落，即第二段是对这种现象解释的猜想。因此，我们可以大胆得出结论，文章的结构可能是“分—总”结构，文章主题体现在文章的尾段中。尾段主题句为Or，put another way, expert performers—whether in memory or surgery, ballet or computer programming—are nearly always made，not born.“换一种方式来说，那些专家级的从业者，无论是记忆力超群者，还是专家级外科医生，无论是卓越的芭蕾舞演员，还是出色的计算机程序员，他们几乎都是后天练就的，而非天生。”综上所述，正确答案为C. introduce the topic of what makes expert performance.引出如何造就专家表现的主题。(补充：文章首段/首句含义是什么?这种提问方式确定答案对应文章的中心思想。)

22.识词题The word “mania”(Line 4：Paragraph 2) most probably means_____.

选项A. fun娱乐 B. craze狂燥，狂热

C. hysteria歇斯底里 D. excitement兴奋

该题将识别的词汇“mania”在文章中定位到第二段What might account for this strange phenomenon? Here are a few guesses：a)certain astrological signs confer superior soccer skills;b)winter-born babies tend to have higher oxygen capacity, which increases soccer stamina;c) soccer-mad parents are more likely to conceive children in springtime，at the annual peak of soccer mania;d)none of the above.作为识词题，按照“方位论原则”：在识别词汇后面找表示“解释说明，逻辑关系”的表达，或者向前面找平行结构。在词汇后面没有任何解释说明或逻辑关系的表达。因此，向前面找平行结构soccer-mad parents are more likely to conceive children in springtime，“对足球狂热的父母可能在春天这个一年之中足球狂热的高峰期孕育子女”。因此答案应选B. craze狂燥，狂热。

23.细节题According to Ericsson，good memory_____.

选项A. depends on meaningful processing of information.

依靠有意义的信息处理过程。

B. results from intuitive rather than cognitive exercises.

由于天生而不是认知练习。

C. is determined by genetic rather than psychological factors.

由基因决定而不是心理因素。

D. requires immediate feedback and a high degree of concentration.

需要立刻反馈并且注意力高度集中。

该题利用“Ericsson”粗略定位到文章第三段Anders Ericsson，a 58-year-old psychology professor at Florida State University, says he believes strongly in “none of the above”. Ericsson grew up in Sweden，and studied nuclear engineering until he realized he would have more opportunity to conduct his own research if he switched to psychology.His first experiment，nearly 30 years ago，involved memory：training a person to hear and then repeat a random series of numbers.“With the first subject，after about 20 hours of training，his digit span had risen from 7 to 20，” Ericsson recalls.“He kept improving，and after about 200 hours of training he had risen to over 80 numbers.”但是整个段落中没有出现定位词 “good memory” 。继续定位到文章第四段 This success，coupled with later research showing that memory itself is not genetically determined，led Ericsson to conclude that the act of memorizing is more of a cognitive exercise than an intuitive one.“后来进行的实验表明了记忆力本身不是由基因决定的，这些结果与第一次实验的成功一起让Ericsson 得出结论，记忆行为与其说是一种直觉行为不如说是一种认知行为。” 选项A. depends on meaningful processing of information.依靠有意义的信息处理过程，与定位的语句动作“实验表明了记忆力本身不是由基因决定的， Ericsson 得出结论记忆行为与其说是一种直觉行为不如说是一种认知行为”没有任何关联;选项B. results from intuitive rather than cognitive exercises.由于天生而不是认知练习，与定位的语句动作“实验表明了记忆力本身不是由基因决定的， Ericsson 得出结论记忆行为与其说是一种直觉行为不如说是一种认知行为”没有任何关联;选项C. is determined by genetic rather than psychological factors.由基因决定而不是心理因素，与定位的语句动作“实验表明了记忆力本身不是由基因决定的， Ericsson 得出结论记忆行为与其说是一种直觉行为不如说是一种认知行为”没有任何关联;选项D. requires immediate feedback and a high degree of concentration.需要立刻反馈并且注意力高度集中，与定位的语句动作“实验表明了记忆力本身不是由基因决定的， Ericsson 得出结论记忆行为与其说是一种直觉行为不如说是一种认知行为”没有任何关联。该句子与四个选项没有直接联系，作为细节题，定位词所在的句子不能确定答案时，向下继续找信息。下面相邻的句子In other words，whatever inborn differences two people may exhibit in their abilities to memorize，those differences are swamped by how well each person “encodes” the information.“换句话说，不管两个人在记忆能力方面表现出来的先天差异有多大，这种差异都会被每个人解码信息能力的强弱所掩盖。” 选项A. depends on meaningful processing of information.依靠有意义的信息处理过程，与相关信息句动作“记忆能力的差异会被人的解码信息能力的强弱所掩盖”相关联，动作“依靠信息处理过程”对应于 “被解码信息能力所掩盖”，体现“主动被动替换”的关系;选项B. results from intuitive rather than cognitive exercises.由于天生而不是认知练习，与相关信息句动作“记忆能力的差异会被人的解码信息能力的强弱所掩盖”没有任何关联;选项C. is determined by genetic rather than psychological factors.由基因决定而不是心理因素，与相关信息句动作“记忆能力的差异会被人的解码信息能力的强弱所掩盖”没有任何关联;选项D. requires immediate feedback and a high degree of concentration.需要立刻反馈并且注意力高度集中，与相关信息句动作“记忆能力的差异会被人的解码信息能力的强弱所掩盖”没有任何关联。因此，正确答案为A. depends on meaningful processing of information.依靠有意义的信息处理过程。

24.细节题Ericsson and his colleagues believe that_____.

选项A. talent is a dominating factor for professional success.

天赋是职业成功的决定因素。

B. biographical data provide the key to excellent performance.

生物表格中的数据是出色表现的关键。

C. the role of talent tends to be overlooked.

天赋的作用被忽略了。

D. high achievers owe their success mostly to nurture.

卓越的成功者将其成功归咎与后天的培育。

该题利用定位词“Ericsson and his colleagues”定位到文章尾段Ericsson and his colleagues have thus taken to studying expert performers in a wide range of pursuits，including soccer.They gather all the data they can，not just performance statistics and biographical details but also the results of their own laboratory experiment with high achievers.Their work makes a rather startling assertion：the trait we commonly call talent is highly overrated.Or，put another way, expert performers—whether in memory or surgery, ballet or computer programming—are nearly always made，not born.题目明确提问他们得出的结论是什么?因此段落中，段尾句Or，put another way, expert performers—whether in memory or surgery, ballet or computer programming—are nearly always made，not born.“换一种方式来说，那些专家级的从业者，无论是记忆力超群者，还是专家级外科医生，无论是卓越的芭蕾舞演员，还是出色的计算机程序员，他们几乎都是后天练就的，而非天生。” 选项A. talent is a dominating factor for professional success. 天赋是职业成功的决定因素，与相关信息句动作“专家级从业者几乎都是后天练就的，而非天生的”完全相悖;选项B. biographical data provide the key to excellent performance.生物表格中的数据是出色表现的关键，与相关信息句动作“专家级从业者几乎都是后天练就的，而非天生的”没有任何关联;选项C. the role of talent tends to be overlooked.天赋的作用被忽略了，与相关信息句动作“专家级从业者几乎都是后天练就的，而非天生的”没有任何关联;选项D. high achievers owe their success mostly to nurture.卓越的成功者将其成功归咎与后天的培育，与相关信息句动作“专家级从业者几乎都是后天练就的，而非天生的”完全对应。因此，正确答案为D. high achievers owe their success mostly to nurture.卓越的成功者将其成功归咎与后天的培育。

25.主旨题Which of the following proverbs is closest to the message the text tries to convey?

选项A. “Faith will move mountains” 精诚所至，金石为开。

B. “One reaps what one sows” 一份耕耘，一份收获。

C. “Practice makes perfect” 熟能生巧。

D. “Like father，like son” 有其父必有其子。

作为主旨题要明确找到文章每个段落的主题句。通过前面四道题目的定位和分析理解不难发现文章的结构为“分—总”，文章的主题体现在尾段的主题句中。因此，相关信息句仍然是段尾句Or，put another way, expert performers—whether in memory or surgery, ballet or computer programming—are nearly always made，not born.“换一种方式来说，那些专家级的从业者，无论是记忆力超群者，还是专家级外科医生，无论是卓越的芭蕾舞演员，还是出色的计算机程序员，他们几乎都是后天练就的，而非天生。” 因此，正确答案为C. “Practice makes perfect” 熟能生巧。(补充：本题目作为主旨题也可以用中心统一原则提炼的确定各段内容方向的语句来确定答案。)

全文翻译如果你查一下参加2006年世界杯足球锦标赛的每位运动员的出生证明，就极可能发现一个值得注意的怪现象：出色的足球运动员往往出生在一年内的前几个月而不是后几个月。如果你再查一下为世界杯和职业球队输送球员的欧洲国家青年队的出生证明，你就会发现这一现象更加明显。

如果何解释这一怪现象呢?这里有几种猜测：1)某些星象迹象赋予这些人出色的球技;2)冬天出生的孩子氧容量高，因此踢足球的耐力好;3)对足球狂热的父母更可能在春天这个一年之中足球狂热的高峰期孕育子女;4)以上猜测都不成立。

Anders Ericsson是佛罗里达州立大学的心理学教授，他坚信前三种推测均不成立。Ericsson在瑞典长大，开始时学习核工程，直到他意识到如果自己改学心理学，就会有更多的机会进行自己的研究。大约30年前他做了第一个实验，与记忆力相关：训练一个人听，然后复述一组随机的数字。他回忆到：“在经过大约20个小时的训练后，第一个受试者的数字记忆跨度从7个上升至20个，他不断地进步，在经过大约200个小时的训练后，他记忆的数字超过了80个。”

后来进行的实验表明了记忆力本身不是由基因决定的，这些结果与第一次实验的成功一起让Ericsson得出结论，记忆行为与其说是一种直觉行为，不如说是一种认知行为。换句话说，不管两个人的记忆能力方面表现出来的先天差异有多大，这些差异都会被每个人解码信息能力的强弱所掩盖。Ericsson认为，学习有意义地解码信息的最好方式就是一个被称为“有意练习”的过程。“有意练习”需要的不仅仅是简单的重复一项任务，而是要确立特定目标，获得即时反馈，既关注结果又关注技巧。

因而，Ericsson和他的同事开始研究不同领域的技艺精湛的从业者，包括足球运动员。他们收集所有能够得到的数据，不仅是他们的表现数据，个人生活细节内容，还包括对于那些取得大成就的人的实验研究结果。他们的研究结论令人吃惊：我们对通常认为的天赋评价过高。换一种方式来说，那些专家级的从业者，无论记忆力超群者，还是专家级外科医生，无论是卓越的芭蕾舞演员还是出色的计算机程序员，他们几乎都是后天练就的，而非天生的。

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For the past several years，the Sunday newspaper supplement Parade has featured a column called “Ask Marilyn.”People are invited to query Marilyn VOS Savant.Who at age 10 had tested at a mental level of someone about 23 years old;that gave her an IQ of 228-the highest score ever recorded.IQ tests ask you to complete verbal and visual analogies，to envision paper after it has been folded and cut，and to deduce numerical sequences.among other similar tasks.So it is a bit confusing when Vos Savant fields such queries from the average Joe(whose IQ is 100) as，What’s the difference between love and fondness? Or what is the nature of luck and coincidence? It’s not obvious how the capacity to visualize objects and to figure out numerical patterns suits one to answer questions that have eluded some of the best poets and philosophers.

Clearly, intelligence encompasses more that a score on a test. Just what does it mean to be smart? How much of intelligence can be specified，and how much can we learn about it from neurology, genetics, computer science and other fields?

The defining term of intelligence in humans still seems to be the IQ score，even though IQ tests are not given as often as they used to be.The test comes primarily in two forms：the Stanford?Binet Intelligence Scale and the Wechsler Intelligence Scales (both come in adult and children’s version).Generally costing several hundred dollars. they are usually given only by psychologists，although variations of them populate bookstores and the Wide Web.Superhigh scores 1ike Vos Savant’s are no longer possible，because scoring is now based on a statistical population distribution among age peers，rather than simply dividing the mental age by the chronological age and multiplying by 100.Other standardized tests，such as the Scholastic Assessment Test (SAT)and the Graduate Record Exam(GRE)，capture the main aspects of IQ tests.

Such standardized tests may not assess all the important elements necessary to succeed in school and in life.argues Robert J.Sternberg.In his article “How Intelligent Is Intelligence Testing?”，Sternberg notes that traditional tests best assess analytical and verbal skills but fail to measure creativity and practical knowledge，components also critical to problem solving and life success.Moreover, IQ tests do not necessarily predict so well once populations or situations change.Research has found that IQ predicted leadership skills when the tests were given under low stress conditions，but under high stress conditions，IQ was negatively correlated with leadership—that is, it predicted the opposite.Anyone who has toiled through SAT will testify that test taking skill also matters，whether it’s knowing when to guess or what questions to skip.

26.Which of the following may be required in an intelligence test?

A. Answering philosophical questions.

B. Folding or cutting paper different shapes.

C. Telling the differences between certain concepts.

D. Choosing words or graphs similar to the given ones.

27.What can be inferred about intelligence testing from Paragraph 3?

A. People no longer use IQ scores as an indicator of intelligence.

B. More versions of IQ tests are now available on the Internet.

C. The test contents and formats for adults and children may be different.

D. Scientists have defined the important elements of human intelligence.

28.People nowadays can no longer achieve IQ scores as high as Vos Savant’s because____.

A. the scores are obtained through different computational procedures.

B. creativity rather than analytical skills is emphasized now.

C. Vos Savant’s case is an extreme one that will not repeat.

D. the defining characteristic of IQ tests has changed.

29.We can conclude from the last paragraph that____.

A. test scores may not be reliable indicators of one’s ability.

B. IQ scores and SAT results are highly correlated.

C. testing involves a lot of guesswork.

D. traditional tests are out of date.

30.What is the author’s attitude towards IQ tests?

A. Supportive B. Skeptical C. Impartial D. Biased

文章解析：根据中心统一原则确定，

文章首段主题句是For the past several years，the Sunday newspaper supplement Parade has featured a column called“ Ask Marilyn”. 在过去的几年里，周日增刊Parade报纸中有一个特写专栏“向Marilyn提问”。

第二段确定段落内容方向的语句是Clearly, intelligence encompasses more that a score on a test. 显然，智力所包含的远不只是测试中的分数。

第三段确定段落内容方向的语句是The defining term of intelligence in humans still seems to be the IQ score，even though IQ tests are not given as often as they used to be.虽然智商测试不像过去用的那样多了，但是对人类智力定义的仍然是智商数。

第四段确定段落内容方向的语句是Such standardized tests may not assess all the important elements necessary to succeed in school and in life.argues Robert J.Sternberg.Robert J.Sternberg认为，这些标准化考试可能不会评估对在学校和生活中取得成功必要的所有重要因素。

不难发现，这篇文章围绕着测试智商和智商数来展开。

题目解析：

26.细节题Which of the following may be required in an intelligence test?

选项A. Answering philosophical questions.

回答哲学问题。

B. Folding or cutting paper different shapes.

将纸折或剪成不同形状。

C. Telling the differences between certain concepts.

区分特定概念的差别。

D. Choosing words or graphs similar to the given ones.

选择与给定内容相同的字或图。

该题利用定位词“intelligence test”定位到文章第一段IQ tests ask you to complete verbal and visual analogies，to envision paper after it has been folded and cut，and to deduce numerical sequences.among other similar tasks.“智商测试要求你完成语言和视觉类推，想象纸在折叠之后和剪裁之后的形状，推断数字顺序以及其他的一些类似的任务。” 选项A. Answering philosophical questions.回答哲学问题，与相关信息句动作“完成语言和视觉类推，想象纸在折叠之后的形状，推断数字顺序等”没有任何关联;选项B. Folding or cutting paper different shapes.将纸折或剪成不同形状，与相关信息句动作“完成语言和视觉类推，想象纸在折叠之后的形状，推断数字顺序等”没有任何关联;选项C. Telling the differences between certain concepts.区分特定概念的差别，与相关信息句动作“完成语言和视觉类推，想象纸在折叠之后的形状，推断数字顺序等”没有任何关联;选项D. Choosing words or graphs similar to the given ones.选择与给定内容相同的字或图，与相关信息句动作“完成语言和视觉类推，想象纸在折叠之后的形状，推断数字顺序等”相关联，动作“择与给定内容相同的字或图”对应于“想象纸在折叠之后的形状”体现“同意替换”的关系。因此，正确答案为D. Choosing words or graphs similar to the given ones.选择与给定内容相同的字或图。

27.细节题What can be inferred about intelligence testing from Paragraph 3?

选项A. People no longer use IQ scores as an indicator of intelligence.

人们不再用智商值表示智力了。

B. More versions of IQ tests are now available on the Internet.

网上有更多版本的智商测试。

C. The test contents and formats for adults and children may be different.

成人和儿童的测试内容和公式可能是不同的。

D. Scientists have defined the important elements of human intelligence.

科学家已经定义了人类智力的重要因素。

该题利用定位词“intelligence testing”定位到文章第三段The defining term of intelligence in humans still seems to be the IQ score，even though IQ tests are not given as often as they used to be.The test comes primarily in two forms：the Stanford Binet Intelligence Scale and the Wechsler Intelligence Scales (both come in adult and children’s version).Generally costing several hundred dollars, they are usually given only by psychologists，although variations of them populate bookstores and the Wide Web.Superhigh scores 1ike Vos Savant’s are no longer possible，because scoring is now based on a statistical population distribution among age peers，rather than simply dividing the mental age by the chronological age and multiplying by 100.Other standardized tests，such as the Scholastic Assessment Test (SAT)and the Graduate Record Exam(GRE)，capture the main aspects of IQ tests.段落中前两句提到了定位词“intelligence testing”。第一句The defining term of intelligence in humans still seems to be the IQ score，even though IQ tests are not given as often as they used to be.“虽然智商测试不像过去用的那样多了，但是对人类智力定义的仍然是智商数。” 选项A. People no longer use IQ scores as an indicator of intelligence.人们不再用智商值表示智力了，与该句的动作“虽然智商测试不像过去用的那样多了，但是对人类智力定义的仍然是智商数”没有任何关联;选项B. More versions of IQ tests are now available on the Internet.网上有更多版本的智商测试，与该句的动作“虽然智商测试不像过去用的那样多了，但是对人类智力定义的仍然是智商数”没有任何关联;选项C. The test contents and formats for adults and children may be different.成人和儿童的测试内容和公式可能是不同的，与该句的动作“虽然智商测试不像过去用的那样多了，但是对人类智力定义的仍然是智商数”没有任何关联;选项D. Scientists have defined the important elements of human intelligence.科学家已经定义了人类智力的重要因素，与该句的动作“虽然智商测试不像过去用的那样多了，但是对人类智力定义的仍然是智商数”似乎有关联，但是句子叙述到“定义智商的是智商数”，而该选项叙述到“定义人类智力的重要因素”，显然完全没有联系。该句与四个选项没有直接关系作为细节题向下继续判断相关信息句。第二句The test comes primarily in two forms：the Stanford Binet Intelligence Scale and the Wechsler Intelligence Scales (both come in adult and children’s version).“测试主要有两种形式：一种是Stanford Binet智力量表，一种是Wechsler智力量表(两个量表均有成人和儿童两个版本)。” 选项A. People no longer use IQ scores as an indicator of intelligence.人们不再用智商值表示智力了，与相关信息句动作“测试主要有两种形式，一种是Stanford Binet智力量表，一种是Wechsler智力量表(两个量表均有成人和儿童两个版本)”没有任何关联;选项B. More versions of IQ tests are now available on the Internet.网上有更多版本的智商测试，与相关信息句动作“测试主要有两种形式，一种是Stanford Binet智力量表，一种是Wechsler智力量表(两个量表均有成人和儿童两个版本)”没有任何关联;选项C. The test contents and formats for adults and children may be different.成人和儿童的测试内容和公式可能是不同的，与相关信息句动作“测试主要有两种形式，一种是Stanford Binet智力量表，一种是Wechsler智力量表(两个量表均有成人和儿童两个版本)”相关联，动作“成人和儿童的测试内容和公式可能是不同的”对应于“两个量表均有成人和儿童两个版本”;选项D. Scientists have defined the important elements of human intelligence.科学家已经定义了人类智力的重要因素与相关信息句动作“测试主要有两种形式，一种是Stanford Binet智力量表，一种是Wechsler智力量表(两个量表均有成人和儿童两个版本)”没有任何关联。因此，正确答案为C. The test contents and formats for adults and children may be different.成人和儿童的测试内容和公式可能是不同的。

28.细节题People nowadays can no longer achieve IQ scores as high as Vos Savant’s because_____.

选项A. the scores are obtained through different computational procedures.

分数值是通过不同的计算程序获得的。

B. creativity rather than analytical skills is emphasized now.

强调的是创造力而不是分析能力。

C. Vos Savant’s case is an extreme one that will not repeat.

Vos Savant的案例是个极端的案例而且不会重复。

D. the defining characteristic of IQ tests has changed.

智商测试的特色已经发生了变化。

该题利用定位词“IQ scores as high as Vos Savant’s”定位到文章第三段Super high scores 1ike Vos Savant’s are no longer possible，because scoring is now based on a statistical population distribution among age peers，rather than simply dividing the mental age by the chronological age and multiplying by 100.“像vos Savant那样的超高分数不可能再出现了，这是因为现在的计分是建立在同龄人的人口分布统计数字的基础之上的，而不仅仅是用智力年龄除以生理年龄再乘以100得出的数值。” 选项A. the scores are obtained through different computational procedures.分数值是通过不同的计算程序获得的，与相关信息句动作“现在的计分是建立在同龄人的人口分布统计数字的基础之上的，而不仅仅是用智力年龄除以生理年龄再乘以100得出的数值”相关联，动作“分数值是通过不同的计算程序获得的”对应于“现在的计分是建立在同龄人的人口分布统计数字的基础之上的”，体现“同意替换”的关系;选项B. creativity rather than analytical skills is emphasized now.强调的是创造力而不是分析能力，与相关信息句动作“现在的计分是建立在同龄人的人口分布统计数字的基础之上的，而不仅仅是用智力年龄除以生理年龄再乘以100得出的数值”没有任何关联;选项C. Vos Savant’s case is an extreme one that will not repeat.Vos Savant的案例是个极端的案例而且不会重复，与相关信息句动作“现在的计分是建立在同龄人的人口分布统计数字的基础之上的，而不仅仅是用智力年龄除以生理年龄再乘以100得出的数值”没有任何关联;选项D. the defining characteristic of IQ tests has changed.智商测试的特色已经发生了变化，与相关信息句动作“现在的计分是建立在同龄人的人口分布统计数字的基础之上的，而不仅仅是用智力年龄除以生理年龄再乘以100得出的数值”没有任何关联。因此，正确答案为A. the scores are obtained through different computational procedures.分数值是通过不同的计算程序获得的。

29.推断题We can conclude from the last paragraph that_____.

选项A. test scores may not be reliable indicators of one’s ability.

测试值不能可靠的反映一个人的能力。

B. IQ scores and SAT results are highly correlated.

智商值和SAT的结果是紧密关联的。

C. testing involves a lot of guesswork.

测试包括许多猜测。

D. traditional tests are out of date.

传统测试已经过时了。

该题目作为推断题，要明确找到指定的最后一段的主题句。根据“主题句---细节句原则”，文章尾段 Such standardized tests may not assess all the important elements necessary to succeed in school and in life.argues Robert J.Sternberg.In his article “How Intelligent Is Intelligence Testing?”，Sternberg notes that traditional tests best assess analytical and verbal skills but fail to measure creativity and practical knowledge，components also critical to problem solving and life success.Moreover, IQ tests do not necessarily predict so well once populations or situations change.Research has found that IQ predicted leadership skills when the tests were given under low stress conditions，but under high stress conditions，IQ was negatively correlated with leadership—that is, it predicted the opposite.Anyone who has toiled through SAT will testify that test taking skill also matters，whether it’s knowing when to guess or what questions to skip.段落中间没有转折词，段落尾句Anyone who has toiled through SAT will testify that test taking skill also matters，whether it’s knowing when to guess or what questions to skip.“任何一个考过SAT的人都可以证实，考试技巧也是有关系的，要知道何时猜测，要跳过什么问题。”明确是细节。 因此，段落的主题句为段首句Such standardized tests may not assess all the important elements necessary to succeed in school and in life.argues Robert J.Sternberg.“Robert J.Sternberg认为，这些标准化考试可能不会评估对在学校和生活中取得成功必要的所有重要因素。” 选项A. test scores may not be reliable indicators of one’s ability.测试值不能可靠的反映一个人的能力，与相关信息句动作“这些标准化考试可能不会评估对在学校和生活中取得成功必要的所有重要因素”相关联，动作“测试值不能可靠的反映一个人的能力”对应于“不会评估对在学校和生活中取得成功必要的所有重要因素”，体现“同意替换”的关系;选项B. IQ scores and SAT results are highly correlated.智商值和SAT的结果是紧密关联的，与相关信息句动作“这些标准化考试可能不会评估对在学校和生活中取得成功必要的所有重要因素”没有任何关联;选项C. testing involves a lot of guesswork.测试包括许多猜测，与相关信息句动作“这些标准化考试可能不会评估对在学校和生活中取得成功必要的所有重要因素”没有任何关联;选项D. traditional tests are out of date.传统测试已经过时了，与相关信息句动作“这些标准化考试可能不会评估对在学校和生活中取得成功必要的所有重要因素”没有任何关联。 因此，正确答案为A. test scores may not be reliable indicators of one’s ability.测试值不能可靠的反映一个人的能力。

30.主旨题What is the author’s attitude towards IQ tests?

选项A. Supportive支持的 B. Skeptical 怀疑的

C. Impartial 不偏不倚的 D. Biased 偏见的

该题作为主旨题表示作者观点态度的题目，要明确找到文章尾段的主题句或者倒数第二段的主题句。文章尾段主题句为Such standardized tests may not assess all the important elements necessary to succeed in school and in life.argues Robert J.Sternberg.“Robert J.Sternberg认为，这些标准化考试可能不会评估对在学校和生活中取得成功必要的所有重要因素。”可见，作者的态度是不确定的， 因此，正确答案为B. Skeptical 怀疑的。

全文翻译在过去的几年里，周日增刊Parade报纸有一个名为“向玛里琳提问”的特写专栏。人们被邀请向Marilyn vos Aavant提问，她在10岁时就参加了大约23岁人的智力测试，得出智商为228，那是有记录以来的最高分。智商测试让你完成语言和视觉类推，想象纸在折叠之后和剪裁之后的样子，推论数字顺序以及其他一些类似的任务。因此当Savant即时回复来自普通人的一些问题时有点儿令人困惑，这些问题诸如：爱和喜欢之间的区别是什么?运气和巧合的本质是什么?而那种想象物体和计算数字模式的能力如何让人能够回答连一些最好的诗人和哲学家都避之惟恐不及的问题，这还不够明朗。

显然，智力所包含的远不只是测试中的分数。那么聪明意味着什么呢?智力中有多大比例能够详细进行解释呢?我们又能够从神经学、遗传学、计算机科学和其他领域对智力了解多少呢?

虽然智商测试不像过去用的那样多了，对人类智力进行定义的仍然是智商数。测试主要采用两种形式：一种是斯坦福—比奈智力量表，一种是温切斯勒智力量表(两个量表均有成人和儿童两个版本)。尽管这两种测试的改编版在书店和互联网上占有一席之地，它们通常只由心理学家进行测试，花费为几百美元。像vos Savant那样的超高分数不再可能出现，这是因为现在的计分建立在同龄人的人口分布统计数学的基础上，而不仅仅是用智力年龄除以胜利年龄再乘以100。其他一些标准化考试，如SAT和GRE，借鉴了智商测试的主要方面。

Robert J .Sternberg认为，这些标准化考试可能不会评估对在学校和生活中取得成功必要的所有重要因素。在他的“智商测试有多明智”一文中，Sternberg指出传统的考试很好地评价了分析和语言能力，而没有评估创造力和实践知识，而后者对解决问题和在生活中取得成功至关重要。此外，一旦人口或环境发生改变，智商测试就测得不准确了。研究表明当智商测试在压力小的环境下进行时，它能预测领导能力。当智商测试在压力大的环境下进行时，智商与领导力负相关，即它预测的内容正好相反。任何一个考过SAT的人都可以证实，考试技巧也是有关系的，要知道何时猜测，要跳过什么问题。

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